1. Thermal Imaging
  2. Thermography on the Trail of the Fault
Non-destructive Failure Analysis on Elec­tronic Compon­ents

Ther­mo­graphy on the Trail of the Fault

Today, thermographic damage and function analysis of electronic components is an established test method in electrical engineering. This method is also used for research purposes at the Institute for Electrical Systems and Energy Logistics at BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg. In this context, Prof. Dr. Ralph Schacht is intensively involved with the material and system characterisation as well as the non-destructive failure analysis of printed circuit boards, electronic components, microelectronics as well as composite systems of packaging and interconnection technology.

Failure Analysis on Electronic Components | ©BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg

Non-destructive testing (NDT) – in contrast to destructive component testing – implies that the test application must not influence or reduce the usability of the test object in any way. Thermal imaging is a non-destructive, very efficient method. It enables the imaging detection of thermal radiation as well as the interpretation of the observed surface temperatures.

At the Institute of Electrical Systems and Energy Logistics at the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, non-destructive component testing is carried out using various thermography methods: passive IR thermography, active IR pulse thermography and active IR lock-in thermography. The infrared camera used for this purpose is the ImageIR® 8300 from InfraTec with a M=3x magnification microscope lens or a macro attachment. The measurements are evaluated with the IRBIS® 3 thermography software belonging to the camera and the additional module IRBIS® 3 active.

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InfraTec Solution

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU);
Institute for Electrical Systems & Energy Logistics

www.b-tu.de/fg-schaltungstechnik/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralph Schacht

Thermographic System:
ImageIR® 8300

Passive IR Ther­mo­graphy

With this method, electrical "short-circuit currents" are selectively injected into the assemblies to be tested. This can lead to increased current flows in faulty areas, which in some cases trigger the slightest temperature changes there and can be detected using thermography. Short-circuit tests of electrical through-hole platings in printed circuit boards (PCB) serve as an example here. Due to the possibility of evaluating the differential image within the IRBIS® 3 thermography software, the contact point can be precisely localised in real time (Fig. 1).

Failure Analysis on Electronic Components | ©BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
Fig. 1: Differential image method for automated finding of changes in the temperature field caused by errors (green circle)

The utilisation of, for example, power MOSFETs in 3-phase inverter operation can also be displayed and monitored very well using this method (Fig. 2). With the aid of the high-resolution M=3x microscope lenses used on the ImageIR® 8300 infrared camera, it is possible to characterise integrated passive components at wafer level. The thermal behaviour of nickel-chromium resistors as a function of their power dissipation was analysed here (Fig. 3).

Failure Analysis on Electronic Components | ©BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
Fig. 2: Analysis of the dynamic temperature behaviour of MOSFET modules in 3-phase alternating operation
Failure Analysis on Electronic Components | ©BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
Fig. 3: Characterisation of integrated passive NiCr resistors on a flip-chip substrate; left: Measurement setup, right: IR image

Active IR Pulse Ther­mo­graphy

This form of non-destructive testing is a frequently used method to detect hidden damage in components. Heat is pulsed into a sample while the temperature field of the stimulated surface is observed in parallel. This enables the evaluation of both heating and cooling curves. The advantage of impulse thermography is its high speed and, as a result, the high potential for a 100 percent inspection during a production process.

Using this method, it is possible to take advantage of the fact that locally different cooling processes occur after the excitation impulse. The time of the maximum temperature difference and the difference as such are determined. This method also allows conclusions to be drawn about structures that are not directly located on the component surface (Fig. 4).

Practical examples of this measurement method can be seen in connection with the assembly of power semiconductors. Delaminations in a solder layer after cyclic loading or the propagation of crack fronts in sintered layers can, for example, be detected.

Failure Analysis on Electronic Components | ©BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
Fig. 4 - Left: General temperature curves on the surface above a material inhomogeneity T2 and above an undisturbed area T1. At a certain time Tmax, a maximum temperature difference dTmax and a maximum in the contrast curve can be observed. Right: below T2 there is a defect in the material structure at a depth z.

Active IR Lock-in Ther­mo­graphy

The lock-in principle or lock-in amplification is employed when a useful signal is to be found in a statistically noisy overall signal. This must be periodically amplitude-modulated in a targeted manner. In the simplest case, this is done by switching the supply voltage of an electronic component on and off or by sinusoidal modulation.

In addition, this method allows very small and weak heat signals to be detected. Taking, for example, a test structure with a 50 µm small diode and exciting it with 10 mW at 0.1 Hz (duty cycle 50 %), the sought-after measurement signal in the pure thermal image is below the detection limit. However, the power dissipation source can be localised very clearly via a generated amplitude image – even in real time using the IRBIS® 3 active thermography software.

Lock-in thermography is also excellent for localising crack tips or measuring crack lengths by the appearance of the thermoelastic effect in the phase image (Fig. 5).

Failure Analysis on Electronic Components | ©BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
Fig. 5: Top - PT analyses on a sintered MOSFET transistor at three points in time during a temperature cycling test (after 0, 150, 300 temperature changes). Bottom - SAM images after 0 and 300 temperature changes as reference.

ImageIR® 8300 - High Thermal Resol­u­tion for Preci­sion Meas­ure­ments

The BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg has been using the ImageIR® 8300 for the measurements presented here for several years. This camera is equipped with a 25 mm standard lens as well as M=1x and M=3x magnification microscope lenses. Internally, two filter-aperture wheels have also been installed, a unique feature of the camera series, with which both signal-attenuating filters and spectral filters can be swivelled in remotely in parallel. In addition to the high spatial resolution of this system, excellent measurement accuracies are also achievable with each lens, so that exact and repeatable results are obtained.

The associated IRBIS® 3 active software allows, among other things, convenient data evaluation options of image sequences, the calculation of phase and amplitude images as well as the analysis with various methods of active thermography. These include, for example, the quotient method, pulse phase and lock-in thermography.

The ImageIR® 8300, including its software tools, has become an indispensable aid in scientific training as well as in research work at the institute.

Advant­ages of this Ther­mo­graphy Solu­tions in this Applic­a­tion

InfraTec glossary - Rotating filter- und aperture wheel

Separate Filter & Aper­ture Wheel – Spec­tral Ther­mo­graphy

The combination of a separate filter and aperture wheel, allowing a total of 35 freely selectable combinations, is prerequisite for a universal application in measurement tasks with high object temperatures and in the field of spectral thermography. The neutral density filters used for signal attenuation or the combination of spectral filters and apertures reliably prevent interference effects.

InfraTec Glossary Motorfocus

Motor Focus for ImageIR® Full Lenses – More Comfort

All interchangeable standard lens systems of the ImageIR® series can be combined with a motor focus unit, which is controlled by the camera operating software. It enables precise, remote and fast focusing. In addition, an autofocus function is available which operates reliably even with low image contrasts.

HighSense for thermographic camera series ImageIR®

High­Sense – Always the Optimal Camera Setting

Thanks to HighSense, ImageIR® users have the option of setting up individual measuring ranges based on the factory calibration that best suit the respective task. Depending on the measuring task, the required temperature range can be selected and the optimum integration time for this purpose is calculated – or one decides to proceed in reverse order. Thus, the calibration can be retained even in the case of changed integration times.

InfraTec glossary - Rotating filter- und aperture wheel

Separate Filter & Aper­ture Wheel – Spec­tral Ther­mo­graphy

The combination of a separate filter and aperture wheel, allowing a total of 35 freely selectable combinations, is prerequisite for a universal application in measurement tasks with high object temperatures and in the field of spectral thermography. The neutral density filters used for signal attenuation or the combination of spectral filters and apertures reliably prevent interference effects.

InfraTec Glossary Motorfocus

Motor Focus for ImageIR® Full Lenses – More Comfort

All interchangeable standard lens systems of the ImageIR® series can be combined with a motor focus unit, which is controlled by the camera operating software. It enables precise, remote and fast focusing. In addition, an autofocus function is available which operates reliably even with low image contrasts.

HighSense for thermographic camera series ImageIR®

High­Sense – Always the Optimal Camera Setting

Thanks to HighSense, ImageIR® users have the option of setting up individual measuring ranges based on the factory calibration that best suit the respective task. Depending on the measuring task, the required temperature range can be selected and the optimum integration time for this purpose is calculated – or one decides to proceed in reverse order. Thus, the calibration can be retained even in the case of changed integration times.

Relevant Indus­tries & Applic­a­tions

thermal imaging in electronics

Elec­tronics & Elec­trical Engin­eering

Measure temperature distributions of smallest electronic components with infrared cameras.

thermal imaging for thermal optimisation

Thermal Optim­isa­tion

Identify possible problems already in the development phase well before serial production.

microthermography

Micro-Ther­mo­graphy

Micro-thermography allows for the thermal analysis of smallest structures in the micrometer range, providing a detailed representation of the temperature distribution on complex electronic assemblies.

All branches and application areas